46. By the date of his birth Europe was witnessing the passing of the religious drama, and the creation of new forms under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy.
【译文】到莎士比亚出生的年代，欧洲经历了宗教戏剧的消亡，以及在古典悲剧和喜剧的影响下新的戏剧形式的产生。
【解析】by the date of his birth为时间状语，其中his指代Shakespear，应该翻译出来;witness“目睹，经历”;passing“流逝”，在此可以解释为“消亡”;and连接两个并列成分，the creation of new forms与the passing of the religious drama并列;incentive“鼓励”，也可以引申为“影响”;under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy充当状语。
47. No boy who went to a grammar school could be ignorant that the drama was a form of literature which gave glory to Greece and Rome and might yet bring honor to England
【译文】每个进入文法学校学习的少年都知道戏剧是一种文学形式，这种文学形式赋予希腊和罗马以荣耀，并且可能给英国带来荣耀。
【解析】no... ignorant...(无知的)双重否定表肯定;who went to a grammar school为定语从句，修饰限定boy;literature“文学”，其后which引导定语从句，对a form of literature进行修饰限定，其中and连接两个并列成分;glory“光荣，荣耀”;Greece“希腊”、Rome“罗马”和England“英国”这三个词属于专有名词，要求使用约定俗成的表达，一个字也不可以错。
48. But the professional companies prospered in their permanent theaters, and university men with literary ambitions were quick to turn to these theaters as offering a means of livelihood.
【译文】但是专业性的戏剧公司在其常驻剧院繁荣起来，怀有文学抱负的大学生迅速投身这些剧院，将其作为维持生计的一种方式。
【解析】and连接两个并列句。prosper“繁荣，昌盛”;permanent theater可以解释为“常驻剧院”;with literary ambitons“怀有文学抱负”介词短语充当后置定语，修饰限定university men“大学生”;turn to“致力于，投身”;livelihood“营生，生计”。
49. A native literary drama had been created, its alliance with the public playhouses established, and at least some of its great traditions had been begun.
【译文】这些文学巨匠创造了具有本国特色的文学戏剧，其与公共剧院的联合也确立了，至少文学戏剧的一些伟大传统开始了。
【解析】and连接两个并列句，its alliance with the public playhouses established为独立主格结构。英语多被动，汉语多主动。可将被动直接译为主动，更加符合汉语表达。alliance“联合，联盟”;playhouse“剧院”，相当于theater;at least“至少”。
50. To realize how great was the dramatic activity, we must remember further that hosts of plays have been lost, and that probably there is no author of note whose entire work has survived.
【译文】为了认识到戏剧行为的伟大性，我们必须进一步牢记许多戏剧形式已经消失了，而且大概根本没有一位知名作家的全部作品得以存留至今。
【解析】主干结构we must remember that...;that..., and that...为两个并列的宾语从句;to realize how great was the dramatic activity不定式短语充当状语;hosts of“许多”;no表示完全否定，可译为“根本没有”;of note“知名的”;whose entire work has survived为定语从句，修饰限定author of note。
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